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What is MP3?

MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3) is a standard technology and format for compressing a sound
sequence into a very small file (about one-twelfth the size of the original file) while preserving the
original level of sound quality when it is played. MP3 files (identified with the file name suffix of
".mp3") are available for downloading from a number of Web sites. Many Windows users will find
that they have a player built into their operating system. Otherwise, you can download a player
from one of several popular MP3 sites. MP3 files are usually download-and-play files rather than
streaming sound files that you link-and-listen-to with RealPlayer and similar products (However,
streaming MP3 is possible.) Winamp (PC), iTunes(Mac), and mpeg123 (UNIX) are popular MP3
players, but there are many others. To create an MP3 file, you use a program called a ripper to get
a selection from a CD onto your hard disk and another program called an encoder to convert the
selection to an MP3 file. Most people, however, simply download MP3s from someone else and
play them.

Digital audio is typically created by taking 16 binary digit samples a second of the analog signal.
Since this signal is typically spread out over a spectrum of 44.1 thousand cycles per second (kHz),
this means that one second of CD quality sound requires 1.4 million bits of data. Using their
knowledge of how people actually perceive sound, the developers of MP3 devised a compression
algorithm that reduces data about sound that most listeners can not perceive. MP3 is currently the
most powerful algorithm in a series of audio encoding standards developed under the sponsorship
of the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and formalized by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).

Since it is relatively easy to create MP3 files from CD selections and make them available on Web
sites for downloading, companies and sites that promote the MP3 format are sometimes accused of
encouraging copyright violations. (It is illegal to copy music from a CD and redistribute it unless
you have the copyright owner's permission.) On the other hand, MP3 enthusiasts claim that what
CD publishers are afraid of is any kind of non-CD distribution. While there are several proposals for
how to discourage such piracy, there is currently no secure distribution and copyright management
standard that publishers and other parties agree upon.

Several Web sites are promoting MP3 as both a high-quality audio format and as a way in which
self-publishers can gain ready access to an audience. While Napster drove adoption of the format in
the late 1990s through P2P file sharing, the iTunes Music Store (from Apple Computer) has created
a online venue for consumers to legally download MP3s from a catalog of more than a million
songs, paying anywhere from $0.99 for one song to $9.99 for an entire album.


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